Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

Causes:

• Prolonged immobility (e.g., surgery, long travel)

• Trauma or surgery

• Cancer and chemotherapy

• Pregnancy or hormonal therapy (e.g., oral contraceptives)

• Inherited clotting disorders (e.g., Factor V Leiden)

Symptoms:

• Leg swelling (typically unilateral)

• Pain or tenderness (especially in the calf)

• Red or discolored skin

• Warmth in the affected leg

Diagnosis:

• Doppler ultrasound (first-line test)

• D-dimer test

• Venography (rarely used, more invasive)

Treatment:

• Anticoagulation: Heparin, warfarin, DOACs (e.g., rivaroxaban, apixaban)

• Thrombolytic therapy (for massive DVT with risk of limb loss)

• Mechanical thrombectomy

• IVC filter (only for patients who cannot take anticoagulants)

 Complications:

• Pulmonary embolism (PE)

• Post-thrombotic syndrome (chronic pain, swelling, ulcers)

• Recurrence of DVT

Follow-up:

• Regular INR monitoring (if on warfarin)

• Compression stockings

• Lifestyle changes: weight loss, hydration, mobility